Parashurama kshetra

Parashurama kshetra

Text source: www.dvaita.org

The holy land of Parashuraama

The region in between the Arabian sea and the Western Ghats stretching from Nasik in Maharashtra to Kanyakumari in the southern end of the peninsula is known as Parashurâma-kshetra -- the holy land of Parashurâma.

Parashurâma, an incarnation of Vishnu, appeared on this Earth to eradicate the ruling cruel kshatriya class. Parashurâma engaged in eighteen major battles and three minor ones against the kshatriyas and eliminated them all.

The proximate reason for Parashurâma's wrath was the killing of His father, the sage Jamadagni, by KârtiveeryArjuna, a kshatriya king. This killing symbolized the gross abuse of power that the kshatriya class had become used to at the time. Parashurâma Himself is shown in the Valmiki Ramayana as narrating the circumstances of the kshatriya carnage to Lord Raama (the son of Dasharatha, and another incarnation of Vishnu) as follows:

nyastashastre pitari me tapobala samanvite |

arjuno vidadhe mR^ityuM prAkR^itAH buddhiM AsthitaH || 24 ||

While my father (Jamadagni) was sitting in meditation, with no weapons or arms, the base-minded (Kârtivîrya) Arjuna brought about his death.

vadhamapratirUpaM tu pituH shruttvA sudAruNam |

kShatramutsAdayan.h roshAt.h jAtaM jAtaM anekashaH || 25 ||

Upon hearing of his merciless killing, in retribution I killed generation after generation of kshatriyas, many times.

pR^ithiviiM cha akhilAM prApya kashyapAya mahAtmane |

yaj~nasyAnte tadA rAma dakShiNAM puNya-karmaNe || 26 ||

Having conquered the entire world, I gave away all of it to Kashyapa, the great soul, at the end of a yajnya, as an act of merit. (Va. Ra., Bâla Kânda, Chapter 75)

When the removal of the bestial kshatriyas had finally been accomplished, Parashurâma gifted away to Kashyapa all the lands left behind after their demise. From that time onwards new kingdoms developed under the control of saints and scholars and the responsibility of steering the nation fell into the hands of intellectuals.

With the gifting of all His lands to Kashyapa and the subsequent establishment of all these new kingdoms, Parashurâma then had to find a completely new place for Himself to live in. To this end Parashurâma ordered the king of the oceans thus: `I have to create a new land for my residence. Move away towards the West and stay as far away as my arrows go.'

Parashurâma then shot his arrows and the ocean retreated as ordered. The land thus recovered, which stretches from Maharashtra to Kanyakumari, is known as Parashurâma-kshetra.

Sri Vâdirâja teertha, in his Teertha Prabandha records this oral tradition thus:

karNe padanyasta rucheeriramsuH |

vaaraashivastraM jaghanaaddhi yasyaaH |

amuumuchad.h baaNakareNa bhuumeH |

shriibhaargavaH saa jayati kShitirnaH || (1.6)

The purport of this stylized stanza can be put this way:

'This Parashurâma-kshetra is our country where the Lord reigned happily by removing the blue garment of ocean waters of the Earth through his arrow-like hands.'

Krishnavadhuta, in his champu epic Mandara Maranda observes that the purpose of this incarnation was the eradication of demons.

bhaargavastataH paaThasaaM nidhau |

akshipachchharam shaaravikramaH |

tena tadgataa raakshasaa hataaH |

so.api vaaridhirduurato yayau || (Ma. Ma. ca 1.34)

'Bhârgava Râma, desirous of a unique creation, shot arrows towards the ocean. By the arrows of this great Bhârgava Râma, not only did the ocean retreat, but the demons hiding in the ocean were also vanquished.'

If one should visit Pajakakshetra, the birthplace of Sri Madhva, then one can see for themselves the legacy of these arrows. The whole of this place is made up of hills of granite, and from the temple on the highest hill one can look down to where one of the arrows fell. In the side of the hill there is a deep gouge in the granite which is always full of fresh, clean water.

It used to be the case that the water from this place was used exclusively in the daily rituals of the temple. The water used to be transported up the very steep hill to the temple by men whose family duty such had been for as long as can be remembered. These men had an extremely large physique that enabled them to engage in this arduous duty. There is another on these pools on another site farther away from the temple.

Taulava country

In this Parashurâma-kshetra on the Western Coast of the Indian peninsula, the area lying in the Karnataka state from Kasargod to GokarNa is known as TauLava country. Râjarâjeshwara of the 14th-15th Century A.D. mentions this in his work:

tatraasiinaH shirasi mahati praskhalanmeghabimbe |

pashyaadhastaadvivR^itanayanastaulavaM deSabhaagam |

aagokarNam jaladhivalayenaavR^itam dakShiNena |

brahmaavaasaM nR^ipatiripuNaa jaamadagnyena sR^ishhTam | (Râma Sandesha 42)

'Go to one of the horns of the high peaks of Sahyadri and look down. The clouds float about. Look down further with your eyes wide open. That is the land known as Taulava country. The region spreading from Gokarna further down up to the sea is the abode of the learned people who have mastered the Vedas. This is the new creation of Parashurâma, the enemy of the kshatriya race.'

~~ shree madhwEshArpaNamastu ~~

A brief history of Udupi

A brief history of UDUPI

Text source: www.dvaita.org

The meaning and origin of the word `Udupi':

Udupi is known as oDipu in the Tulu language. Narayana Panditacharya in his notes called Bhâva Prakasha on the Sumadhva Vijaya records thus:

rajatapeeThapurasya oDipu ityapabhraShTa samjnyA

The modern name Udupi must have developed from this ancient folk name.

A different etymology is provided by certain other scholars. According to them the original Sanskrit name is derived from uDupa (uDu 'star' + pa 'lord') -- lord of the stars, namely, the moon.

Udupi then refers to Shiva, who bears the moon on his head. Since there is the ancient temple of Chandramauleeshwara in Udupi, the place may have been known by the name Udupi, after its ancient deity.

The author of the Sumadhva Vijaya opines that the word is of Tulu origin. The word `Udupi' also does not seem to have been associated with Shiva anywhere else in the Sanskrit literature.

Even if the word is to be considered to be originating from a Sanskrit root, one can provide a better explanation and etymology. `Udupi' also means boat or raft in Sanskrit:

uDupaM tu plavaH kolaH

The word `Udupi' can then mean a place to which Lord Krishna came (from Dwârakâ) by boat.

The Tulu word oDipu can also be associated with a more or less similar meaning. There is a temple at Malpe which is known as oDabhAnDeeshvara. There appears to be some kind of relationship between the words oDabhAnDa and oDipu. Its Kannada version is `Udupa'. The root element of all these words is oDepu, meaning "cracking," or "breaking." Until the secret of this word is cracked, the origin of the modern word Udupi will remain shrouded in mystery.

This temple at Malpe is well worth a visit and appears to be of great vintage. It is only a short distance to the beach from the temple and so it is possible to walk to where Sri Madhva saved the ship carrying the icon of Sri Krishna from being wrecked during a storm.

Shivaroopya - Shivalli

The original name of the village of Udupi is Shivalli. Later on an attempt was made to Sanskritize this name into Shivaroopya because Shiva dwelt there. The author of the Sumadhvavijaya refers to this name:

vedAdrisad rajatapeeThapureshvarAbhyAm |

grAmo vibhooshitataraH shivaroopyanAmA || SMV 2-10 ||

"The village stretching up to Indrali Hills in the East (present day Manipal) and presided over by Lord Ananteshwara is known as Shivaroopya."

There is a popular legend which tells us how this ancient village became Shiva's village in ancient times:

King Râmabhoja decided to perform a sacrifice and so began to plough the land in preparation. A serpent was hit by the plough and died on the spot. To atone for this sin the king constructed four shrines in the four corners of the village.

The four serpent shrines are known as muchchilkoDu, mAngoDu, arikoDu and tAngoDu.

Actually these are Skanda shrines. About two miles to the South-East on the way to Alevoor is the muchchilkoDu shrine near KukkikaTTe. This shrine which is under the jurisdiction of Sri Pejawar Mutt has been renovated beautifully and the area looks like a peaceful hermitage.

Another Skanda shrine is located at maangoDu about three miles to the South West of Udupi. This is also renovated nicely.

About three miles to the North-East of Udupi by the side of Puttur temple on the National Highway is the arikoDu shrine. This is in very bad condition as the walls have collapsed. Also, there is no approach road.

The place known as tAngoDu which is supposed to be in the North-East corner of the village has not yet been located. It needs to be identified and renovated.

In the middle of the village King Râmabhoja worshipped Lord Parashurâma in the form of a Shivalinga on a silver seat. This temple is now known to us as Ananteshwara.

Ananteshwara

When Lord Vishnu took the incarnation of Parashurâma on this Earth he was "trained" by Shiva in the art of archery. To commemorate this student-teacher drama, Lord Vishnu wanted to get himself identified with the linga so that both the teacher and the student were worshipped simultaneously by the devotees. Sriman Narayana, reclining on a serpent, came down to this temple and stayed in the linga. This is a rather unusual incident and the concept of Ananteshwara came to vogue as a result of this.

Sri Vâdirâja teertha, in his masterpiece teertha prabandha extols Ananteshwara in this way:

ivaantaryaamitaaM sveeyaaM priyaan prati nibodhayan |

dayaavaarinidhiH shaiveeM shilaamaashritya shobhate |

eeSasyaaheeSapadaveem bhaasayanniva bhaavineem |

adhyaaste sheshashayanaH snigdhaaM liN^gashilaam || (I.14-15)

'The Almighty Lord got himself merged in this Shivalinga to proclaim to the devotees that he rests in the soul of Shiva also. To prove this cosmic truth Vishnu rests in this Shivalinga.'

Before the birth of Sri Madhva, his father, Nadillâya (a.k.a. Madhya-geha bhaTTa), had worshipped this deity to beget a male child. It is believed that he used to pray to Lord Bhujangashayana enshrined in this idol. Narayana Pandita makes a reference to this in his commentary Bhâva Prakâshika on the Sumadhva Vijaya:

svadarshanoruvratine nisheete |

praaptaaya bhogeendragato hariH prabhuH |

svaM darshayitvaa khalu kuJNjamaadhava |

dvijaaya tadvat.h pratimaaM vyadhaapayat ||

Even now the deity is known as Ananteshwara, Anantâsana and Anantapadmanâbha. `Ananta' means the serpent Shesha. Hence Ananteshwara means the Lord Narayana reclining on a serpent. Ananta is also another name of Lord Vishnu. Lord Vishnu enshrined in the Sivalinga came to be designated as Ananteshwara.

Ananteshwara was a famous temple and pilgrim centre of this region. It was also a centre of Vedantic philosophy and formed a suitable background for the advent of Sriman Madhvacharya.

It was because of this temple that the place was ranked as foremost among the seven centres of pilgrimage. One should not forget that the Nadillaya couple could beget an illustrious son who was destined to be the great Achârya only because of their twelve years of worship at the foot of this deity Bhujangashayana ("the one who reclines on a serpent"). Hence this temple has great historic significance.

Sri Madhva used to sit in the Ananteshwara temple and teach his disciples. Even today the place where he used to sit is considered to be a holy shrine. The plank where he used to sit is still there but there is no icon of Sri Madhva. At one time a beautiful icon had been prepared to be installed here, but when the time of installation came around, Sri Madhva appeared in a dream of a swamiji and ordered, 'Please do not put any stone on me,' thus indicating that he is was always and already present there. To this day the stone icon is kept outside and the devotees offer worship to the seat itself.

This shrine is very difficult for the devotee to see. One is not allowed to enter inside the temple itself, and the only way to see this place is through a small window on the southern side of the outer enclosure of the temple.

The Ananteshwara temple is an amazing place. As one enters from the street, one can see the huge linga which is deep inside the temple and lit by oil lamps. Inside the temple, but closer to the front, there is a small icon of Ganapati. To come here and pay respects to Lord Ananteshwara is a very calming experience and it is very easy for the hours to simply slip by without one noticing it.

When you step back and take in the view at the temple you can only marvel at the huge slabs of granite which make up the roof. It is the largest temple in this region in both its shape and its historic significance.

Chandramauleeshvara

To the east of the Ananteshwara temple stands a smaller temple wherein presides Shiva, known as chandramauLeeshvara. Because the temple is a very ancient one, precious little is known about its history.

This temple of Chandramauleeshvara is smaller than that of Ananteshwara. To enter this temple one has to descend steps. It appears that originally there must have been a tank in that place which was later filled up with mud and a temple built on top of the fill.

We read in the Madhva Vijaya that the temple was originally known as mooDu devaalaya (mahendra digâlaya). Since it was on the Eastern side of the Chief temple Ananteshwara, it came to be referred to as the Eastern temple.

There is a special tradition the devotees participate in before entering the shrine of Lord Krishna. First they must visit Chandramauleeshvara and then they go on to Ananteshwara. From there they proceed to Sri Krishna Mutt.

Sri Vishvapati Tîrtha in his commentary on the Madhva Vijaya records this custom:

rajatapeeThapure amaraalayadvayaM vartate |

tatra puurvaalayasthaH prathamato namyaH |

pashchimaalayasthaH pashchaannamya iti sampradaaya niyamaH || II.14 ||

'There are two temples, the Eastern one and the Western one. One must first salute Lord Shiva at the Eastern temple and then go to Lord Ananteshwara in the Western temple. This is the custom followed here.'

Even now the Udupi aShTa-maTha Swamijis visit the temple in this order before they ceremoniously take charge of the management of Sri Krishna Mutt during the paryâya festival.

~~ shree madhwEshArpaNamastu ~~